Emergent Treatment of Hyperkalemia – Insulin/Dextrose

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Insulin is a mainstay in the emergent treatment of hyperkalemia but comes at the cost of increased risk of hypoglycemia, which is quite common.

References:

  1. Scott NL, Klein LR, Cales E, Driver BE. Hypoglycemia as a complication of intravenous insulin to treat hyperkalemia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(2):209-213.
  2. Apel J, Reutrakul S, Baldwin D. Hypoglycemia in the treatment of hyperkalemia with insulin in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Kidney J. 2014;7(3):248-50.
  3. Coca A, Valencia AL, Bustamante J, Mendiluce A, Floege J. Hypoglycemia following intravenous insulin plus glucose for hyperkalemia in patients with impaired renal function. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2):e0172961.
  4. Larue HA, Peksa GD, Shah SC. A Comparison of Insulin Doses for the Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Renal Insufficiency. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37(12):1516-1522.
  5. Jacob BC, Peasah SK, Chan HL, Niculas D, Shogbonnwaesei A. Hypoglycemia Associated With Insulin Use During Treatment of Hyperkalemia Among Emergency Department Patients. Hosp Pharm. 2019;54(3):197-202.
  6. Harel Z, Kamel KS. Optimal Dose and Method of Administration of Intravenous Insulin in the Management of Emergency Hyperkalemia: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0154963.
  7. Pierce DA, Russell G, Pirkle JL. Incidence of Hypoglycemia in Patients With Low eGFR Treated With Insulin and Dextrose for Hyperkalemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(12):1322-6.

Droperidol (and Haloperidol)

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Droperidol received a black box warning from the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001.

 

More on droperidol
Taming the SRU
The Short Coat

References:

  1. Khokhar MA, Rathbone J. Droperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12:CD002830.
  2. Calver L, Drinkwater V, Gupta R, Page CB, Isbister GK. Droperidol v. haloperidol for sedation of aggressive behaviour in acute mental health: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(3):223-8.
  3. Isbister GK, Calver LA, Page CB, Stokes B, Bryant JL, Downes MA. Randomized controlled trial of intramuscular droperidol versus midazolam for violence and acute behavioral disturbance: the DORM study. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(4):392-401.e1.
  4. Braude D, Soliz T, Crandall C, Hendey G, Andrews J, Weichenthal L. Antiemetics in the ED: a randomized controlled trial comparing 3 common agents. Am J Emerg Med. 2006;24(2):177-82.
  5. Meek R, Mee MJ, Egerton-warburton D, et al. Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Droperidol and Ondansetron for Adult Emergency Department Patients With Nausea. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(8):867-877.
  6. Honkaniemi J, Liimatainen S, Rainesalo S, Sulavuori S. Haloperidol in the acute treatment of migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache. 2006;46(5):781-7.
  7. Gaffigan ME, Bruner DI, Wason C, Pritchard A, Frumkin K. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Haloperidol vs. Intravenous Metoclopramide for Acute Migraine Therapy in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2015;49(3):326-34.
  8. Leong LB, Kelly AM. Are butyrophenones effective for the treatment of primary headache in the emergency department?. CJEM. 2011;13(2):96-104.
  9. Calver L, Page CB, Downes MA, et al. The Safety and Effectiveness of Droperidol for Sedation of Acute Behavioral Disturbance in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;66(3):230-238.e1.
  10. Jackson CW, Sheehan AH, Reddan JG. Evidence-based review of the black-box warning for droperidol. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(11):1174-86.
  11. Habib AS, Gan TJ. Pro: The Food and Drug Administration Black box warning on droperidol is not justified. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(5):1414-7.
  12. Rappaport BA. FDA response to droperidol black box warning editorials. Anesth Analg. 2008;106(5):1585.
  13. Perkins J, Ho JD, Vilke GM, DeMers G. American Academy of Emergency Medicine Position Statement: Safety of Droperidol Use in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2015;49(1):91–7.